Greenland update for 2010: record melting and a massive calving event
No humans were present on the morning of August 4, 2010, in a remote fjord in Northwest Greenland, when the air vibrated with a thunderous crack as one of the largest icebergs in world history calved from the Petermann Glacier, the island's second largest ocean-terminating glacier. Where the glacier meets the sea, a 43 mile-long tongue of floating ice existed at the beginning of 2010. On August 4 2010, a quarter of this 43 mile-long tongue of floating ice fractured off, spawning a 100 square mile ice island four times the size of Manhattan, with a thickness half that of the Empire State building. According to Andreas Muenchow, associate professor of physical ocean science and engineering at the University of Delaware's College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, the freshwater stored in this ice island could have kept the Delaware or Hudson rivers flowing for more than two years, or kept all U.S. public tap water flowing for 120 days. There was speculation that the ice island could find its way into the open Atlantic Ocean in two years, and potentially pose a threat to oil platforms and ships. However, as the ice island made its turn to get from the narrow Petermann Fjord to enter Nares Strait between Greenland and Canada, the mighty iceberg split into thousands of small icebergs that will not pose an unusual threat to shipping when they emerge into the Atlantic.
Figure 1. The 100 square-mile ice island that broke off the Petermann Glacier heads out of the Petermann Fjord in this image taken by NASA's Aqua satellite on August 21, 2010. Image credit: NASA. I've constructed a 7-frame satellite animation available here that shows the calving and break-up of the Petermann Glacier ice island. The animation begins on August 5, 2010, and ends on September 21, with images spaced about 8 days apart. The images were taken by NASA's Aqua and Terra satellites.
Petermann Glacier spawned smaller ice islands in 2001 (34 square miles) and in 2008 (10 square miles). In 2005, the Ayles Ice Shelf, about 60 miles to the west of Petermann Glacier, disintegrated and became a 34 square-mile ice island. The August 2010 Petermann Glacier calving event created the largest iceberg observed in the Arctic since 1962, when the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf on the north coast of Canada's Ellesmere Island calved off a massive 230 square mile chunk. The Ward Hunt Ice Shelf also calved off a huge 21 square mile ice island a few days after the August 2010 Petermann Glacier calving event. According to an article in livescience.com, "Driftwood and narwhal remains found along the Ellesmere coast have radiocarbon dates from roughly 3,000 to 6,800 years ago, implying that the ice has been intact since those remains were deposited." All of the these calving events are evidence that the ice sheets in the Arctic are responding as one would expect to significantly warmer temperatures.
Warmer ocean temperatures cause significant melting of Greenland's glaciers
At a talk last December at the world's largest conference on climate change, the American Geophysical Union (AGU) meeting in San Francisco, glacier expert Eric Rignot of UC-Irvine implicated ocean warming as a key reason for the calving of the Petermann Glacier's ice island. The ocean waters near the glacier have warmed by 1 - 2°C over the past three years, he said, and all of the periphery of Greenland has seen ocean heat increases in recent years, with the result that 20 - 80% of all the mass lost by Greenland's glaciers in recent years could be attributed to melting of the glaciers by warmer waters attacking them from beneath. Ocean temperatures along the southwest coast of Greenland (60N to 70N, 60W to 50W) computed from the UK Hadley Center data set during 2010 were 2.9°C (5.2°F) above average--a truly remarkable anomaly, and far warmer than the previous record of 1.5°C above average set in 2003. Sea surface temperature records for Greenland began in the 1920s. A study earlier this year published in the journal Science (Spielhagen et al., 2011) found that ocean temperatures on the east side of Greenland are now at their warmest levels in at least 2,000 years. The researchers studied a sediment core containing fossil remains of planktic foraminifers, which vary as a function of water temperature. The study noted that not only have the waters flowing northward on the east side of Greenland warmed significantly, the volume of water flowing north has also increased, resulting in a large transport of heat into the Arctic. "Such an increased heat input has far-reaching consequences," they wrote.
Figure 2. Departure of sea surface temperature from average for 2010 from the NOAA Daily Optimum Interpolation SST Anomaly data set for October 2010. Areas colored red are warmer than the 1971-2000 average, areas colored blue are cooler than that average. A large region of record warm water temperatures extended along the west coast of Greenland, leading to record warm air temperatures and record melting along the western portion of Greenland in 2010. Ocean temperatures along the southwest coast of Greenland (60N to 70N, 60W to 50W) computed from the UK Hadley Center data set during 2010 were 2.9°C (5.2°F) above average--a truly remarkable anomaly, surpassing the previous record of 1.5°C set in 2003. Sea surface temperature records for Greenland began in the 1920s. Image credit: NOAA Visualization Lab.
Record warmth and melting in Greenland during 2010
Greenland's climate in 2010 was marked by record-setting high air temperatures, the greatest ice loss by melting since accurate records began in 1958, and the greatest mass loss of ocean-terminating glaciers on record. That was the conclusion of the 2010 Arctic Report Card, a collaborative effort between NOAA and European Arctic experts that comes out each year. Was 2010 the warmest year in Greenland's history? That is difficult to judge. We know it was also very warm in the late 1920s and 1930s in Greenland, but we only have two stations, Godtahab Nuuk and Angmagssalik, with weather records that go back that far (Figure 3.) Godtahab Nuuk set a record high in 2010, but temperatures at Angmagssalik in 2010 were similar to what was observed during several years in the 1920s and 1930s. Marco Tedesco of the City College of New York's Cryosphere Processes Laboratory remarked that last year's record warmth and melting in Greenland began when an unusually early spring warm spell reduced and "aged" the snow on the surface of the ice sheet, so that the snow became less reflective, allowing it to absorb more heat from the sun. This accelerated snow melt even further, exposing the bare ice, which is less reflective than snow and absorbs more heat. This feedback loop extended Greenland's record melting season well into the fall.
Figure 3. Historic temperatures in Greenland for the six stations with at least 50 years of data, as archived by NASA. Three of the six stations set record highs in 2010. However, only two of the six stations (Godtahab Nuuk and Angmagssalik) have data going back beyond the 1930s, which was a period of warmth in Greenland similar to the warmth of the current decade. Godtahab Nuuk set a record high in 2010, but 2003 still ranks as Angmagssalik's hottest year on record.
Figure 4. The 2010 summer melt season was lasted more than 40 days longer (purple colors) than the mean melt season from 1979 - 2007. Image credit: Arctic Report Card.
Why Greenland matters: sea level rise
The major concern with a warming climate in Greenland is melting of the Greenland ice sheet, which currently contributes about 25% of the observed 3 mm/year (1.2 inches per decade) global rise in sea level. Higher sea levels mean increased storm surge inundation, coastal erosion, loss of low-lying land areas, and salt water contamination of underground drinking water supplies. Greenland ice mass loss is accelerating over the long term, according to independent estimates using three different techniques (Figure 5), with more mass being lost each year than the previous year. According to Rignot et al., 2011, ice mass loss is also accelerating in Antarctica, and "the magnitude of the acceleration suggests that ice sheets will be the dominant contributors to sea level rise in forthcoming decades, and will likely exceed the IPCC projections for the contribution of ice sheets to sea level rise in the 21st century." As I discussed in a 2009 blog post, How much will global sea level rise this century?, the IPCC in 2007 estimated that global sea level would rise 0.6 - 1.9 feet by 2100, but several studies since then predict a higher range of 1.6 - 6.6 feet.
During the warm period 125,000 years ago, before the most recent ice age, roughly half of the Greenland ice sheet melted. This melting plus the melting of other smaller Arctic ice fields is thought to have caused 7.2 - 11.2 feet (2.2 - 3.4 meters) of the 13 - 20 foot (4 - 6 meter) sea level rise observed during that period. Temperatures in Greenland are predicted to rise 3°C by 2100, to levels similar to 125,000 years ago. If this level of warming occurs, we can expect sea levels to rise 13 - 20 feet several centuries from now. There's enough water locked away in the ice sheet to raise sea level to rise 23 feet (7 meters), should the entire Greenland ice sheet melt.
Figure 5. Loss of mass from Greenland's ice sheet in gigatons per year from 1992 through 2009, as computed from satellite gravity measurements from the GRACE satellites (red line) and from a mass balance method. The mass balance method computes the amount of snow on the surface, the amount of ice mass lost to wind and melt, and the amount of ice lost computed from glacier velocity and ice thickness. Adding together these terms gives the total amount of ice lost or gained over the ice sheet. The acceleration is given in gigatons per year squared. Another paper by Zwally et al. (2011) used a third method, laser satellite altimetry, to determine Greenland mass loss. Between 2003 to 2007, the ice sheet lost 171 gigatons of mass per year. Between 1992 to 2002, Greenland was only losing only 7 gigatons per year. Image credit: Rignot et al., 2011, Geophysical Research Letters.
References
Rignot, E., et al., 2011: Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets to sea level rise, Geophysical Research Letters, in press, doi:10.1029/2011GL046583.
Spielhagen, et al., 2011, Enhanced Modern Heat Transfer to the Arctic by Warm Atlantic Water, Science 28 January 2011: Vol. 331 no. 6016 pp. 450-453 DOI: 10.1126/science.1197397
Zwally, J., et al., 2011, Greenland ice sheet mass balance: distribution of increased mass loss with climate warming; 2003 - 07 versus 19922 - 2002, Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 57, No. 201, 2011.
Wunderground's climate change section has a Greenland web page with detailed information and references.
Jeff Masters
Reader Comments
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Thank you,
Sheri
I'll take it.
You mean that big backward-7 echo setting up over Lafourche, St. Charles and Jefferson Parish? It seems that this strong area is being swallowed up by the approaching storm, and the main hook-echo indicating a mesocyclone and possible tornado is even being nudged toward the south, while a total of three mesocyclones are moving toward the same general direction and are linearly projected to collide over top of NOLA. This could set up even more spin and increase the chances of a tornado given the shear environment and possible lake-induced outflow from Ponchartrain.
* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
ST. TAMMANY PARISH IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA...
THIS INCLUDES THE CITIES OF...SLIDELL...MANDEVILLE...EDEN ISLE...
SOUTHEASTERN TANGIPAHOA PARISH IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA...
* UNTIL 145 PM CST
* AT 108 PM CST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGISTS DETECTED A
LINE OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING DAMAGING WINDS IN
EXCESS OF 60 MPH. THESE STORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE EXTENDING
FROM 8 MILES SOUTHWEST OF MADISONVILLE TO 13 MILES SOUTHWEST OF
MANDEVILLE...AND MOVING EAST AT 50 MPH.
* SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE NEAR...
MADISONVILLE AND MANDEVILLE BY 120 PM CST...
LACOMBE BY 125 PM CST...
ABITA SPRINGS BY 130 PM CST...
SLIDELL AND EDEN ISLE BY 135 PM CST...
PEARL RIVER BY 140 PM CST...
Note that Covington, only 8 miles north of Mandeville is left out of this. Like I said, much of the convection north of the lake is losing.
RAYNE, La. -- A suspected tornado hit the southwestern Louisiana town of Rayne on Saturday, injuring at least nine people, leveling homes and causing natural gas leaks that prompted evacuations.
Donald Jones, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in Lake Charles, said Saturday that a crew is headed to the scene to determine if the high winds were a tornado. The destruction hit the Acadia Parish town of about 8,500 around 10 a.m. as a line of violent thunderstorms moved through the area
(Some might say that is independent of the weather)
;-)
cat5hurricane, thanks for taking time to tell me.
Sheri
Mardi Gras means busy stretch for Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport
Tornado warning, severe thunderstorm warning for New Orleans area until 1:45 p.m.
500:
I heard about a community that was hit by an F-1 tornado in Kentucky with the last outbreak.
They were outraged the sirens never went off.
I wish I cloud go notify them that we don't even have sirens or basements in Florida.
People need to pay attention to the sky more, as well as warnings. You can learn to be ready for a tornado without sirens, even if you aren't a weather geek and just a regular person.
* TORNADO WARNING FOR...
NORTHERN JEFFERSON PARISH IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA...
THIS INCLUDES THE CITIES OF...TIMBERLANE...MARRERO...HARVEY...
NORTHWESTERN PLAQUEMINES PARISH IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA...
THIS INCLUDES THE CITY OF BELLE CHASSE...
WEST CENTRAL ST. BERNARD PARISH IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA...
THIS INCLUDES THE CITY OF CHALMETTE...
* UNTIL 200 PM CST
* AT 123 PM CST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGISTS DETECTED A
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING A TORNADO 8 MILES
SOUTHWEST OF WESTWEGO...OR 7 MILES SOUTH OF AVONDALE...MOVING EAST
AT 35 MPH.
* THE TORNADO WILL BE NEAR...
MARRERO AND WESTWEGO BY 135 PM CST...
HARVEY AND GRETNA BY 140 PM CST...
BELLE CHASSE...TIMBERLANE AND TERRYTOWN BY 145 PM CST...
7 MILES SOUTH OF CHALMETTE BY 150 PM CST...
VIOLET BY 155 PM CST...
FXUS62 KTBW 051835
AFDTBW
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TAMPA BAY RUSKIN FL
135 PM EST SAT MAR 5 2011
.SHORT TERM (TONIGHT-MONDAY)...
THE SHORT TERM PERIOD FORECAST FOCUS WILL BE ON TIMING OF
PRECIPITATION TONIGHT AND SUNDAY WITH AN APPROACHING COLD FRONT.
THE PERIOD BEGINS TONIGHT WITH A COLD FRONT EXTENDING THROUGH THE
OHIO VALLEY SOUTH INTO THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA REGION. A STRONG
RIDGE OF SURFACE HIGH PRESSURE IS OVER THE NORTHERN ATLANTIC.
ALOFT A SHARP 500 MB TROUGH EXTENDS PARALLEL TO THE MISSISSIPPI
RIVER. RIDGING IS IN PLACE OVER THE SOUTHWEST ATLANTIC. THE
FEATURES WILL PROGRESS EASTWARD TONIGHT. BY 12Z SUNDAY THE UPPER
TROUGH AXIS WILL BE ENTERING THE PANHANDLE WHILE THE SURFACE FRONT
WILL BE SLIGHTLY TO THE EAST. GOOD WARM ADVECTION AHEAD OF THE
FRONT WILL KEEP TEMPERATURES WARM TONIGHT. GENERALLY CONTINUED THE
PREVIOUS POP FORECAST AS ITS IN LINE WITH LATEST MODEL RUNS AND
MOS GUIDANCE INDICATING BEST RAIN CHANCES TONIGHT ARE IN THE FAR
NORTHERN AREAS. A 500 MB VORT MAX WILL CROSS THE PANHANDLE LATE
TONIGHT AND HELP TO FORCE PRECIP...BUT FARTHER SOUTH THERE WILL
NOT BE MUCH FORCING DESPITE OUR GOOD WARM ADVECTION AND HIGHER
MOISTURE. BETWEEN 12-18Z SUNDAY THE FRONT WILL SLOWLY PUSH TOWARDS
THE AREA. THE STRONGEST DYNAMIC FORCING WILL BE WELL NORTH WITH
THE UPPER TROUGH AXIS IN NORTH GEORGIA. BUT A SHORTWAVE TROUGH IS
PROGGED TO SWING THROUGH SOUTH FLORIDA ON SUNDAY...AND 700 MB
OMEGA ALONG THE FRONTAL BOUNDARY LOOKS STRONG AS WELL...SO
COMBINING THE FORCING WITH THE DEEP WARM ADVECTION MOISTURE IN
PLACE WILL BRING GOOD RAIN CHANCES FOR THE AREA WITH THE FRONT.
INCLUDED SCATTERED STORMS EVERYWHERE WITH DECENT INSTABILITY AND
LIFT. AS FOR SEVERE...WIND FIELDS SHOW 0-6KM SHEAR WILL BE
MARGINAL AT 30-40KTS. FORECAST SOUNDINGS INDICATE UNIDIRECTIONAL
SHEAR PRIMARILY WITH DEEPER SOUTHWESTERLY FLOW. SPC SHOWS AN
ISOLATED SEVERE THREAT...AND THIS IS REASONABLE. WIDESPREAD SEVERE
NOT EXPECTED WITH ONLY MODERATE INSTABILITY AND SHEAR PRESENT.
FRONT WILL CROSS THE AREA QUICKLY SUNDAY NIGHT AND A LOW LEVEL
COLD ADVECTION PATTERN WILL FOLLOW. NOT MUCH IN THE WAY OF UPPER
LEVEL COLD AIR ARRIVING...AS 850 MB TEMPS STAY ABOVE 10C ALL
NIGHT. BUT ENOUGH LOW LEVEL COLD AIR WITH THE HIGH OVER THE
TENNESSEE VALLEY...TO DROP LOWS IN THE 40S IN OUR COLD SPOTS. HIGH
PRESSURE WILL DOMINATE ON MONDAY AND SLIDE EASTWARD TO BRING SUNNY
SKIES AND COOLER TEMPERATURES IN THE LOW 70S NORTH AND NEAR 80
SOUTH. A SEA BREEZE SHOULD DEVELOP MONDAY WITH A WEAKER SURFACE
PRESSURE GRADIENT.
Yeah maybe a few strong storms, but mainly just heavy rain, which we always need this time of year.
I'd hope for more action than this, but I love storms, even if they aren't strong.
LOL well...I'm in Ontario. :)
* TORNADO WARNING FOR...
EAST CENTRAL JEFFERSON PARISH IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA...
NORTHWESTERN PLAQUEMINES PARISH IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA...
CENTRAL ST. BERNARD PARISH IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA...
* UNTIL 200 PM CST
* AT 128 PM CST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGISTS DETECTED A
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING A TORNADO NEAR MYRTLE
GROVE...OR 14 MILES SOUTH OF BELLE CHASSE...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 50
MPH.
* THE TORNADO WILL BE NEAR...
YSCLOSKEY BY 155 PM CST...
732
WFUS54 KLIX 051932
TORLIX
LAC051-075-087-052000-
/O.NEW.KLIX.TO.W.0010.110305T1932Z-110305T2000Z/
BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
TORNADO WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NEW ORLEANS LA
132 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN NEW ORLEANS HAS ISSUED A
* TORNADO WARNING FOR...
EAST CENTRAL JEFFERSON PARISH IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA...
NORTHWESTERN PLAQUEMINES PARISH IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA...
CENTRAL ST. BERNARD PARISH IN SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA...
* UNTIL 200 PM CST
* AT 128 PM CST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGISTS DETECTED A
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING A TORNADO NEAR MYRTLE
GROVE...OR 14 MILES SOUTH OF BELLE CHASSE...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 50
MPH.
* THE TORNADO WILL BE NEAR...
YSCLOSKEY BY 155 PM CST...
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
THE SAFEST PLACE TO BE DURING A TORNADO IS UNDER A WORKBENCH OR OTHER
PIECE OF STURDY FURNITURE. SEEK SHELTER ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF THE
BUILDING IN AN INTERIOR HALLWAY OR ROOM SUCH AS A CLOSET. USE
BLANKETS OR PILLOWS TO COVER YOUR BODY AND ALWAYS STAY AWAY FROM
WINDOWS.
IF IN MOBILE HOMES OR VEHICLES...EVACUATE THEM AND GET INSIDE A
SUBSTANTIAL SHELTER. IF NO SHELTER IS AVAILABLE...LIE FLAT IN THE
NEAREST DITCH OR OTHER LOW SPOT AND COVER YOUR HEAD WITH YOUR HANDS.
A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 400 PM CST SATURDAY AFTERNOON
FOR SOUTHEAST LOUISIANA AND SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI.
LAT...LON 2956 9000 2970 9006 2990 8970 2988 8966
2990 8959 2996 8958 2999 8954 2975 8948
TIME...MOT...LOC 1933Z 242DEG 44KT 2967 8995
24/RR
CLICK HERE TO GO TO PREVIOUS BULLETINS.
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The Nexlab MS Page Main Text Page
It's weird not talking about hurricanes here. What are we following? Storm systems?
OMG! Is that well water (fresh) or ocean aquifer (saline)?
I see some passing cars, an intersection, a slightly flooded street, an ambulance, and some ladders splayed over the ground.
8 TVS spinners detected by radar in 90 Minutes,..
Yoda Impressed for March 5.
Hopefully no injuries or deaths,have occurred but some straight line wind damage has been reported Uptown,Mid-City.
TORNADO WARNING NEW ORLEANS LA - KLIX 132 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
TORNADO WARNING NEW ORLEANS LA - KLIX 126 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
SVR T-STORM WARNING NEW ORLEANS LA - KLIX 115 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
TORNADO WARNING NEW ORLEANS LA - KLIX 1259 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
TORNADO WARNING NEW ORLEANS LA - KLIX 1255 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
FLASH FLOOD WARNING JACKSON MS - KJAN 1251 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
SVR T-STORM WARNING NEW ORLEANS LA - KLIX 1251 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
FLASH FLOOD WARNING MOBILE AL - KMOB 1250 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
TORNADO WARNING NEW ORLEANS LA - KLIX 1249 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
TORNADO WARNING NEW ORLEANS LA - KLIX 1228 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
TORNADO WARNING NEW ORLEANS LA - KLIX 1222 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
TORNADO WARNING NEW ORLEANS LA - KLIX 1200 PM CST SAT MAR 5 2011
And can now say that there was nothing severe about the worst of it on the Northshore, 6 miles inland. Lessening now and clear 20 miles to my west.
ASSOCIATED WITH A POSSIBLE TORNADO INCLUDING A DESTROYED
TRAILER...TREES SNAPPED...SHINGLES BLOWN OFF A ROOF AND A
TRUCK FLIPPED ONTO ITS SIDE.
WIND GUST OF 54 MPH MEASURED AT NEW ORLEANS LAKEFRONT
AIRPORT ASOS.
2.21 INCHES OF RAIN IN 45 MINUTES BETWEEN 100 AND 145 CST
AT NEW ORLEANS INTERNATIONAL.
(That's 2.94 inches per hour rain rate)
Geezum Ben,,we kinda know dat.
Last Fatality was from the 2006 Feb 13th Outbreak,,Fatality wise,FEMA trailer in Ponchartrain Park,same Spinner then that razed the Comm Tower at Veterans and West End Blvd.
outlets as well.
Folks knew this one was coming from the get go.
Fat Harry's Parade Cam St. Charles Ave.
60 day departure from normal rainfall. Shows NOLA area being 6 to 8 inches below normal.
(This includes yesterday's rains in the calculation. The one "normal" spot is where there were 5 inches measured yesterday).
Thought you were saying that this was odd for early spring around here, sorry. Must have misunderstood something...
Naw,,only thing odd out here is the back side rumbling some az it scoots away,and some wet tourists from Napoleon Ave.
Some Higher thinking ones have Umbrellas.
And,
PUBLIC REPORTED MINOR STREET FLOODING...WIND GUSTS
ESTIMATED NEAR 55 MILES PER HOUR AND SMALL TREE LIMBS
DOWN IN THE TERRYTOWN AREA.
Viewing: 501 - 551
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